小鼠碳酸酐酶 CA

试剂盒名称:小鼠碳酸酐酶 CA

Pig Interleukin 2 (IL2) ELISA

规格: 96T/48T
品牌:BIOFINE
种属:人ELISA试剂盒
检测波长:450nm
所需样本体积: 50-100ul
适用范围:仅供科研
保存及有效期:2-8℃，六个月，-20℃一年
检测目的:用于测定血清，血浆及相关液体小鼠碳酸酐酶 CA含量。适合检测包括血清、血浆、尿液、胸腹水、灌洗液、脑脊液、细胞培养上清、组织匀浆等标本。 

contains the standard concentration of analyte will be prepared. Unknowns that generate a signal that is stronger than the known sample are "positive." Those that generate weaker signal are "negative." Doctor Dennis E Bidwell and Alister Voller created the test. History Before the development of the ELISA, the only option for conducting an immunoassay was radioimmunoassay, a technique using radioactively-labeled antigens or antibodies. In radioimmunoassay, the radioactivity provides the signal, which indicates whether a specific antigen or antibody is present in the sample. Radioimmunoassay was first described in a paper by Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson published in 1960.[5] Because radioactivity poses a potential health threat, a safer alternative was sought. A suitable alternative to radioimmunoassay would substitute a non-radioactive signal in place of the radioactive signal. When enzymes (such as peroxidase) react with appropriate substrates (such as ABTS or 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine), a change in color occurs, which is used as a signal. However, the signal has to be associated with the presence of antibody or antigen, which is why the enzyme has to be linked to an appropriate antibody. This linking process was independently developed by Stratis Avrameas and G.B. Pierce.[6] Since it is necessary to remove any unbound antibody or antigen by washing, the antibody or antigen has to be fixed to the surface of the container; i.e., the immunosorbent has to be prepared. A technique to accomplish this was published by Wide and Jerker Porath in 1966.[7] In 1971, Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall at Stockholm University in Sweden, and Anton Schuurs and Bauke van Weemen in The Netherlands independently published papers that synthesized this knowledge into methods to perform EIA/ELISA.[8][9]

1.2.2 　抗体的产生　　机体受抗原刺激后，B淋巴细胞产生相应的抗体。含有抗体的血清称为抗血清（antiserum）。每一系B细胞只产生针对某一抗原决定簇的抗体。如将多种抗原或含有多个抗原决定簇的抗原注入机体，则将由多系的B细胞产生相应的多种抗体，这些抗体均存在于免疫血清中。免疫测定中所用的抗血清一般用抗原免疫兔、羊或马制得。产生抗体的B细胞可在体外与繁殖力强的肿瘤细胞融合成杂交瘤细胞。将单个杂交瘤细胞分离，在体内或体外培养而分泌的抗体单克隆抗体（monoclonal antibody，McAb或Mab）。单克隆抗体仅针对一种抗原决定簇，具有很高的特异性。单克隆抗体通常用抗原免疫小鼠制备。将免疫的脾细胞（含产生抗体的B细胞）与小鼠肿瘤细胞融合，分离杂交瘤细胞，接种于小鼠腹腔，产生的腹水中含有浓度很高的单克隆抗体。1.3　抗原抗体反应1.3.1　可逆性 抗原与抗体结合形成抗原抗体复合物的过程是一种动态平衡，其反应式为：Ag+Ab→Ag·Ab。.抗体的亲和力（affinity）是抗原抗体间的固有结合力，可以平衡常数K表示：K=[Ag·Ab]／[Ag][Ab]。Ag·Ab的解离程度与K值有关。高亲和力抗体的抗原结合点与抗原的决定簇在空间构型上非常适合，两者结合牢固，不易解离。解离后的抗原或抗体均能保持原有的结构和活性，因此可用亲和层析法来提纯抗原或抗体。在抗血清中，特异性的IgG抗体仅占总IgG中的极小部分。用亲和层析法提取的特异性抗体，称为亲和层析纯抗体，应用于免疫测定中可得到更好的效果。1.3.2　zui适比例 在恒定量的抗体中加入递增量的抗原形成抗体复合物（沉淀）的量见图1-4。曲线的高峰部分是抗原抗体比例zui合适的范围，称为等价带（zone of equivalence）。在等价带前后分别为抗体过剩带和抗原过剩带。如果抗原或抗体极度过剩，则无沉淀物形成，在免疫测定中称为带现象（zone phenomenon）。抗体过量称为前带（prezone），抗原地过量称为后带（postzone）。在用免疫学方法测定抗原时，应使反应系统中有足够的抗体量，否则测得的量会小于实际含量，甚至出现假阴性。

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